Pfalz D.VIII Article & 3-View
July 1973 American Aircraft Modeler

July 1973 American Aircraft Modeler Table of Contents These pages from vintage modeling magazines like Flying Aces, Air Trails, American Modeler, American Aircraft Modeler, Young Men, Flying Models, Model Airplane News, R/C Modeler, captured the era. All copyrights acknowledged.

Airplanes and Rockets website visitor Peter C., of the UK, contacted me about scanning information from a vintage copy of American Aircraft Modeler magazine. Peter requested the 3-view drawing of the Pfalz D.III biplane (by Mr. Björn Karlström) that appeared in the July 1973 edition. I did him one better by also scanning and OCRing the text of the accompanying article as well. Author Patricia Groves did a very thorough job of researching the history of the Pfalz D.III biplane, and included some rarely seen photos of the various versions. Enjoy.

The Bavarian Woods

A brief history of Pfalz. / by Patricia T. Groves

When the Imperial German Military Air Service of the German Army struggled underway in October 1912, not only was it blessed with the usual general staff firmly entrenched in 19th Century military tradition, it had Bavaria, too.

In 1871, after negotiating a generous political and economic settlement to bolster its basically forest and farmland economy, Bavaria entered the German Empire. Also retaining more sovereign rights than any of the other member states, the characteristically independent-minded Bavarians kept control over their own railway, telegraph and postal systems, a separate diplomatic service, as well as their own military administration. Thus, whenever Bavarian soldiers were involved, Germany heard a lot of heavy breathing in the background.

Shortly after the German air arm came into being, the Bavarian Air Ministry-endeavoring to insure control over the equipment its flying service would use-turned to its own industry. And, in a section of Bavaria known as The Palatinate (in German, die pfalz¹), it found the Everbusch brothers striving to get into aeronautics.

On slim financial footing Alfred, Ernst and Walter Everbusch had hoped to acquire license for production of the Albatros. When these negotiations fell through, the Bavarian government stepped in and helped secure production rights from the Otto airplane works for their pusher biplane. With this initial security plus additional guidance from Gustav Otto, the Pfalz Flugzeug-Werke G.m.b.H. opened its factory at Speyer am Rhein in July 1913².

But pusher aircraft had a limited future, and since the company wasn't ready to produce its own design, Alfred Everbusch looked around for a more promising airplane. In early 1914 he acquired license from Morane-Saulnier of Frarice to produce their Type H monoplane and Type L parasol. Walter, the youngest of the Everbusch brothers, then enrolled in Morane-Saulnier's flying school near Paris. After graduating in July 19 4, e served as a test pilot for Pfalzl 's death in June 1916.

With the onset of WWI in August 1914, German militarists figured that an unprepared enemy would wrap things up in a hurry, and so

the use of aircraft wasn't seriously considered . But, when the enemy unexpectedly dug in its heels, the German General Staff was forced to take another look at its aviation potential. At this time there were 30 German air units plus four Bavarian - all of which looked better on paper³. In reality, they were under strength and poorly equipped, having a few airplanes that could be considered "combat ready."

By this time the Pfalz company had built three of the Morane monoplanes, three of the parasols and were nearly ready to deliver three Otto pushers to Bavarian air units. Although still not ready to produce their own design, they were acquiring a cram course in aircraft construction and beginning timid innovations on the Morane designs.

In the early months of the war they produced the Pfalz A.I and A.II aircraft which differed little from the original Morane Type L. Going into limited production with the A.I (80 hp Oberursel engine) and A.II (100 hp Oberursel), the company expanded and opened a flying school using some of these machines to train Bavarian pilots, while others of the aircraft went into front-line service on reconnaissance or escort duty⁴.

Then, taking the Morane Type Hand modifying it to a shoulder-wing mono-plane, the Pfalz E.I (with Fokker synchronizing gear) became the first of the company's airplanes to carry a machine gun. In outward appearance its box-like configuration strongly resembled the Fokker monoplane. However, in contrast to the welded steel tube Fokker, the Pfalz E had a completely wooden skeleton. About 60 of these aircraft were followed by a series of variants.

With the production of each airplane, the Pfalz company increasingly injected its own ideas and construction techniques. Ernst and Walter were giving flight demonstrations to combat pilots, while, back at the plant, company engineers were improving on available designs. By April 30, 1916 over 100 of their aircraft were in operational use. But the end of the 'eindecker' contract was in sight.

Since August 1914 the exigencies, the attritions, the point-counterpoint needs of war forced design engineers to think in terms other than aerodynamic esthetics and purity. By the end of 1916 (with the era of powered, manned flight but thirteen years Old), the immediate need was for engine power and the rugged maneuverability of the biplane fighter.

One of the greatest influences in aircraft design was the appearance of the Nieuport 17 on the Western Front in March 1916. Produced by the French, British, Belgians and Italians, the Nieuport enjoyed an Allied exclusivity until its appearance from the other side of the lines, one day, sporting the Cross Patee. Introduction of the Siemans-Schukert "variant" acknowledged the universality of the Nieuport design.

In the summer of 1916 the Pfalz company built a biplane whose heritage was strongly rooted to past company aircraft. Test flown, it was found to be lacking. However, a few months later the factory obtained license and contract to build the L.F.G. Roland D.1 biplane.

Whereas previous Pfalz aircraft had typical flat-sided, fabric-covered fuselages, the Roland design (showing Albatros lineage) featured a smoothly rounded contour. This contract would initiate the classic shape and construction technique that, in the future, would identify the Pfalz. The first Roland D.1 (Pfalz) passed its proving flights in January 1917, and a small production run gave Pfalz engineers lead time to develop an original design.

By June 1917, after extensive testing at Germany's Adlershof flight test center, the Pfalz D.III became the company's first real production aircraft. With an oval, tapering monocoque fuselage giving it a sleek torpedo-like exterior, the Pfalz D.III was constructed in two halves over molds (like the early Deperdussins). Plywood bands, 9 cm wide, were laid in opposite directions over a minimum frame. After the two halves were mated, the whole structure was covered in a thin fabric and doped⁵. It was a technique they'd improve on as time went by.

Universally, these early day monocoque constructions, although stronger, were heavier than conventional aircraft. But, never having been a strong ore-producing country in the first place, Bavaria hadn't developed a large cadre of metal workers.

Since both the men and materials required for conventional aircraft construction had to be "imported," when inevitable war time Shortages combined with an unimpressive priority in the distribution of German goods, the Pfalz company made use of locally available lumber and developed home-grown talent. Since Pfalz was responsible only to the Bavarian government, rather than the German Directorate of Aircraft Production, this gave them greater freedom to operate-which, in turn, was followed by an inherent parochialism. Nevertheless, in the four years of the company's existence, it became a full-fledged partner in the Empire's aviation industry.

As the war grew hotter, pilots on either side battled to counter increasingly sophisticated aerobatics above the war zones, while engineers at home strained to produce new possibilities in engine and aircraft design. Over the next year, with the exception of a quick pass at a triplane and a momentary flirtation with a Rumpler C.IV, Pfalz concentrated on improving its D.III and D.IIIa biplane and getting into full-scale production.

By November 1917 the company had a design staff of 15 engineers under Chief Engineer Rudolph Geringer and 11 new fighters were in various stages between drawing board and maiden flight.6 In the factory, the workers were busily expanding their expertise in monocoque construction.

When the January 1918 Fighter Biplane Competitions were announced, Pfalz selected three biplane variants to send to the Adlershof trials: the popular Mercedes-powered D.IIIa, a graceful D.VI (110-hp Oberursel) and an even structurally stronger Siemens-Halske powered D.VII. However, losing out to Fokker in these competitions, Pfalz then prepared to meet the May/June trials head-on.

Entering their D.VIII (in three different engine versions) and a D.XII (two different engines), the company received a small production order. By August 1918, both the D.VIII (160-hp Siemens-Halske) and the D.XII (160-hp Mercedes) were in front-line service. And by now, the Pfalz company had 2,600 employees and was producing close to 200 aircraft a month.

Working up to the last minute, the final Pfalz single-seat biplane variant (a D.XV) was tested on 4 November 1918. But, with the Allied armies closing in, the handwriting was on the wall. Orders soon went out from the German High Command to destroy all military and industrial records to keep them from falling into Allied hands. (In 1945 this same order went out again. Fortunately for historians, in both instances, a little luck and a little fudging kept this from being carried out to the extreme.)

Since the city of Speyer fell under French occupation (where it remained until 1930), the 5½-year-old Phalz Fleugzeug-Werke produced its last airplane at the peak of its career. With the signing of the Armistice . and de-mobilization, Phalz airplanes were among the 15,000 aircraft and 27,000 engines to hit the post-war bonfire. Only a few known Pfalz D.XIIs are in museum care today

NOTES

1. Pronounced: Pfalts, Fahlz, fallts (or, as a last resort) faults.

2. Pfalz Flugzeug-Werke Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung roughly translates

    to Pfalz Aircraft, Limited.

3. Peter Gray & Owen Thetford, German Aircraft of the First World War

    (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1970). page ix.

4. Peter M. Grosz and Egon Kruger, PFALZ-The First Detailed Story of the Company

    and its Famous Planes (West Roxbury, Mass.: World War I Aero Publishers, Inc., 1964) page 3.

5. Henry Woodhouse, Textbook of Applied Aeronautic Engineering

    (London: T. Werner Laurie, Ltd., ca 1919), page 21l.

6. Peter M. Grosz, The Pfalz D.XIl (England: Profile Publications, Ltd., Number 199), page 3.

Note to the Potential Builder: All the above contain a good supply of black and white photos for construction data, notes on the flying qualities of the aircraft, etc. See also Jane's 1919 for construction drawings and the Kenneth Munson books for color information.

<click for larger version>
The discontinuity in the middle is due to the page wrapping into the stapled fold area.

Posted September 22, 2023
(updated from original post on 10/31/2010)